Describe how internal and external parts of computing devices function to form a system.

Model how computer hardware and software work together as a system to accomplish tasks.

Determine potential solutions to solve simple hardware and software problems using common troubleshooting strategies.

Organize and present collected data visually to highlight relationships and support a claim.

Use data to highlight or propose cause-and-effect relationships, predict outcomes, or communicate an idea.

Compare and refine multiple algorithms for the same task and determine which is the most appropriate.

Create programs that use variables to store and modify data.

Create programs that include sequences, events, loops, and conditionals.

Decompose (break down) problems into smaller, manageable subproblems to facilitate the program development process.

Modify, remix, or incorporate portions of an existing program into one’s own work, to develop something new or add more advanced features.

Use an iterative process to plan the development of a program by including others’ perspectives and considering user preferences.

Test and debug (identify and fix errors) a program or algorithm to ensure it runs as intended.

Take on varying roles, with teacher guidance, when collaborating with peers during the design, implementation, and review stages of program development.

Describe choices made during program development using code comments, presentations, and demonstrations.

Brainstorm ways to improve the accessibility and usability of technology products for the diverse needs and wants of users.

Seek diverse perspectives for the purpose of improving computational artifacts.

Design projects that combine hardware and software components to collect and exchange data.

Systematically identify and fix problems with computing devices and their components.

Collect data using computational tools and transform the data to make it more useful and reliable.

Use flowcharts and/or pseudocode to address complex problems as algorithms.

Create clearly named variables that represent different data types and perform operations on their values.

Design and iteratively develop programs that combine control structures, including nested loops and compound conditionals.

Decompose problems and subproblems into parts to facilitate the design, implementation, and review of programs.

Create procedures with parameters to organize code and make it easier to reuse.

Seek and incorporate feedback from team members and users to refine a solution that meets user needs.

Systematically test and refine programs using a range of test cases.

Distribute tasks and maintain a project timeline when collaboratively developing computational artifacts.

Document programs in order to make them easier to follow, test, and debug.

Compare levels of abstraction and interactions between application software, system software, and hardware layers.

Create prototypes that use algorithms to solve computational problems by leveraging prior student knowledge and personal interests.

Use lists to simplify solutions, generalizing computational problems instead of repeatedly using simple variables.

Justify the selection of specific control structures when tradeoffs involve implementation, readability, and program performance, and explain the benefits and drawbacks of choices made.

Design and iteratively develop computational artifacts for practical intent, personal expression, or to address a societal issue by using events to initiate instructions.

Decompose problems into smaller components through systematic analysis, using constructs such as procedures, modules, and/or objects.

Create artifacts by using procedures within a program, combinations of data and procedures, or independent but interrelated programs.

Design and develop computational artifacts working in team roles using collaborative tools.

Document design decisions using text, graphics, presentations, and/or demonstrations in the development of complex programs.